{
  "_meta": {
    "publisher": "peptide.wiki",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
    "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "attribution": "Data: peptide.wiki (https://www.peptide.wiki/data), CC BY 4.0",
    "version": "2026.11",
    "updated": "2026-11-10"
  },
  "data": [
    {
      "slug": "semaglutide",
      "name": "Semaglutide",
      "also_known_as": [],
      "research_area": "metabolic",
      "class": "GLP-1 receptor agonist",
      "targets": "GLP-1R",
      "length": "31 amino acids (acylated GLP-1 analogue)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 4.11 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic analogue of human GLP-1",
      "evidence_level": 5,
      "evidence_label": "Approved drug, phase 3 trials",
      "regulatory_status": "approved",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved prescription medicine",
      "summary": "Semaglutide is an acylated GLP-1 analogue with a long half-life. It is the best-characterised incretin peptide in the research literature and an approved prescription medicine.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/semaglutide",
      "related": [
        "tirzepatide",
        "retatrutide",
        "liraglutide",
        "cagrilintide",
        "exenatide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "tirzepatide",
      "name": "Tirzepatide",
      "also_known_as": [],
      "research_area": "metabolic",
      "class": "Dual GIP / GLP-1 receptor agonist",
      "targets": "GIPR, GLP-1R",
      "length": "39 amino acids (acylated)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 4.81 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic, GIP-based sequence",
      "evidence_level": 5,
      "evidence_label": "Approved drug, phase 3 trials",
      "regulatory_status": "approved",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved prescription medicine",
      "summary": "Tirzepatide is a single peptide that activates both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors. It is an approved medicine and the benchmark dual agonist in incretin research.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/tirzepatide",
      "related": [
        "semaglutide",
        "retatrutide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "retatrutide",
      "name": "Retatrutide",
      "also_known_as": [
        "LY3437943"
      ],
      "research_area": "metabolic",
      "class": "Triple GIP / GLP-1 / glucagon agonist",
      "targets": "GIPR, GLP-1R, GCGR",
      "length": "≈ 40 amino acids (fatty-acid modified)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 4.7 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic",
      "evidence_level": 4,
      "evidence_label": "Late-stage human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "investigational",
      "regulatory_label": "Investigational",
      "summary": "Retatrutide adds glucagon-receptor activity to GIP and GLP-1 activity in one peptide. It is investigational, with a large phase 3 programme under way.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/retatrutide",
      "related": [
        "tirzepatide",
        "semaglutide",
        "cagrilintide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "bpc-157",
      "name": "BPC-157",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Body Protection Compound-157",
        "pentadecapeptide BPC 157"
      ],
      "research_area": "repair",
      "class": "Synthetic pentadecapeptide",
      "targets": "Not fully defined",
      "length": "15 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 1.42 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic, derived from a gastric-juice protein sequence",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-residue peptide derived from a sequence found in gastric juice. Most of the literature is animal and cell work from a small number of research groups.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/bpc-157",
      "related": [
        "tb-500",
        "ghk-cu"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "tb-500",
      "name": "TB-500",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Thymosin beta-4 fragment",
        "Tβ4 fragment"
      ],
      "research_area": "repair",
      "class": "Thymosin beta-4 fragment",
      "targets": "Actin regulation (G-actin binding)",
      "length": "Fragment (≈ 7 residues in the commonly cited form); full-length thymosin β4 is 43",
      "molecular_mass": "Varies by definition (full-length thymosin β4 ≈ 4.96 kDa)",
      "origin": "Synthetic fragment of a human protein",
      "evidence_level": 1,
      "evidence_label": "Limited, preclinical or single-group",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "TB-500 is generally sold as a synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4, a naturally occurring actin-binding protein. Definitions vary between suppliers, so identity testing matters.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/tb-500",
      "related": [
        "bpc-157",
        "ghk-cu",
        "thymosin-alpha-1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "ghk-cu",
      "name": "GHK-Cu",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Copper tripeptide-1",
        "glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper"
      ],
      "research_area": "skin",
      "class": "Copper-binding tripeptide",
      "targets": "Matrix and collagen pathways (mechanism debated)",
      "length": "3 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 404 Da (as the copper complex)",
      "origin": "Naturally occurring, produced synthetically",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "regional",
      "regulatory_label": "Cosmetic ingredient only",
      "summary": "GHK-Cu is a three-amino-acid peptide that binds copper(II). It occurs naturally in plasma and is used as a cosmetic ingredient; research focuses on matrix and collagen biology.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/ghk-cu",
      "related": [
        "bpc-157",
        "tb-500",
        "ll-37"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "epithalon",
      "name": "Epithalon",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Epitalon",
        "Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly"
      ],
      "research_area": "neuro-longevity",
      "class": "Synthetic tetrapeptide",
      "targets": "Telomerase-related pathways (disputed)",
      "length": "4 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 390 Da",
      "origin": "Synthetic, derived from a pineal peptide",
      "evidence_level": 1,
      "evidence_label": "Limited, preclinical or single-group",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "Epithalon is a four-amino-acid synthetic peptide linked to telomerase and cellular-senescence research. Most of the literature comes from a single research group.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/epithalon",
      "related": [
        "semax",
        "selank",
        "dsip"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "semax",
      "name": "Semax",
      "also_known_as": [],
      "research_area": "neuro-longevity",
      "class": "ACTH(4-10) analogue",
      "targets": "Neurotrophic and melanocortin-related pathways (mechanism debated)",
      "length": "7 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 814 Da",
      "origin": "Synthetic analogue of an ACTH fragment",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "regional",
      "regulatory_label": "Registered in Russia",
      "summary": "Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from a fragment of ACTH. It is registered as a medicine in Russia and studied in neurotrophic-signalling research elsewhere.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/semax",
      "related": [
        "selank",
        "epithalon"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "selank",
      "name": "Selank",
      "also_known_as": [],
      "research_area": "neuro-longevity",
      "class": "Tuftsin analogue",
      "targets": "GABAergic and cytokine-related pathways (mechanism debated)",
      "length": "7 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 752 Da",
      "origin": "Synthetic analogue of an immune-derived peptide",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "regional",
      "regulatory_label": "Registered in Russia",
      "summary": "Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from the immune peptide tuftsin. It is registered as a medicine in Russia and studied in stress-response research elsewhere.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/selank",
      "related": [
        "semax",
        "epithalon"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "pt-141",
      "name": "PT-141",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Bremelanotide"
      ],
      "research_area": "melanocortin",
      "class": "Melanocortin receptor agonist",
      "targets": "MC4R (also MC1R)",
      "length": "7 amino acids (cyclic)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 1.03 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic, derived from melanotan II",
      "evidence_level": 5,
      "evidence_label": "Approved drug, phase 3 trials",
      "regulatory_status": "regional",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved in the US only",
      "summary": "PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a cyclic heptapeptide derived from melanotan II. It is an FDA-approved medicine for one indication and a standard reference for MC4R research.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/pt-141",
      "related": [
        "melanotan-2",
        "setmelanotide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "melanotan-2",
      "name": "Melanotan II",
      "also_known_as": [
        "MT-II",
        "MT2"
      ],
      "research_area": "melanocortin",
      "class": "Non-selective melanocortin agonist",
      "targets": "MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, MC5R",
      "length": "7 amino acids (cyclic)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 1.02 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic alpha-MSH analogue",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "Melanotan II is a cyclic peptide that activates several melanocortin receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has drawn public warnings from regulators about unlicensed products.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/melanotan-2",
      "related": [
        "pt-141",
        "afamelanotide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "cjc-1295",
      "name": "CJC-1295",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Modified GRF (1-29)",
        "Mod GRF"
      ],
      "research_area": "growth-hormone",
      "class": "GHRH receptor agonist",
      "targets": "GHRH-R",
      "length": "29 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 3.37 kDa (without DAC)",
      "origin": "Synthetic analogue of human GHRH",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). In research it is paired with ghrelin-receptor agonists like ipamorelin to study the GH axis.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/cjc-1295",
      "related": [
        "ipamorelin",
        "tesamorelin",
        "sermorelin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "ipamorelin",
      "name": "Ipamorelin",
      "also_known_as": [],
      "research_area": "growth-hormone",
      "class": "Ghrelin-receptor (GHS-R) agonist",
      "targets": "GHS-R1a",
      "length": "5 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 712 Da",
      "origin": "Synthetic",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "Ipamorelin is a five-amino-acid peptide that activates the ghrelin (GHS) receptor. It is valued in research for being relatively selective compared with older secretagogues.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/ipamorelin",
      "related": [
        "cjc-1295",
        "ghrp-6",
        "hexarelin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "liraglutide",
      "name": "Liraglutide",
      "also_known_as": [],
      "research_area": "metabolic",
      "class": "GLP-1 receptor agonist",
      "targets": "GLP-1R",
      "length": "31 amino acids (acylated GLP-1 analogue)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 3.75 kDa",
      "origin": "Analogue of human GLP-1",
      "evidence_level": 5,
      "evidence_label": "Approved drug, phase 3 trials",
      "regulatory_status": "approved",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved prescription medicine",
      "summary": "Liraglutide is an acylated GLP-1 analogue with a half-life of about 13 hours. It is an approved medicine and the older sibling of semaglutide in the incretin literature.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/liraglutide",
      "related": [
        "semaglutide",
        "tirzepatide",
        "exenatide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "cagrilintide",
      "name": "Cagrilintide",
      "also_known_as": [
        "AM833"
      ],
      "research_area": "metabolic",
      "class": "Amylin / calcitonin receptor agonist",
      "targets": "Amylin and calcitonin receptors",
      "length": "37 amino acids (acylated amylin analogue)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 4.41 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic analogue of human amylin",
      "evidence_level": 4,
      "evidence_label": "Late-stage human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "investigational",
      "regulatory_label": "Investigational",
      "summary": "Cagrilintide is a lipidated analogue of the hormone amylin. On its own it is investigational, and it is being developed with semaglutide as the fixed-dose combination CagriSema.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/cagrilintide",
      "related": [
        "semaglutide",
        "retatrutide",
        "pramlintide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "tesamorelin",
      "name": "Tesamorelin",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Egrifta"
      ],
      "research_area": "growth-hormone",
      "class": "GHRH receptor agonist",
      "targets": "GHRH-R",
      "length": "44 amino acids (hexenoyl-modified)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 5.14 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic analogue of human GHRH",
      "evidence_level": 5,
      "evidence_label": "Approved drug, phase 3 trials",
      "regulatory_status": "regional",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved in the US for one indication",
      "summary": "Tesamorelin is a 44-amino-acid analogue of growth-hormone-releasing hormone with an N-terminal hexenoyl group. It is an FDA-approved medicine for one indication.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/tesamorelin",
      "related": [
        "cjc-1295",
        "ipamorelin",
        "sermorelin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "ghrp-6",
      "name": "GHRP-6",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Growth hormone-releasing peptide-6"
      ],
      "research_area": "growth-hormone",
      "class": "Ghrelin-receptor (GHS-R) agonist",
      "targets": "GHS-R1a",
      "length": "6 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 873 Da",
      "origin": "Synthetic, enkephalin-derived",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "GHRP-6 is a six-amino-acid synthetic peptide that activates the ghrelin (GHS) receptor. It is a founding member of the growth-hormone secretagogue family and a reference point for the selectivity of newer compounds such as ipamorelin.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/ghrp-6",
      "related": [
        "ipamorelin",
        "cjc-1295",
        "hexarelin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "igf-1-lr3",
      "name": "IGF-1 LR3",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Long R3 IGF-1",
        "LR3 IGF-I"
      ],
      "research_area": "growth-hormone",
      "class": "IGF-1 receptor agonist (growth-factor analogue)",
      "targets": "IGF-1R",
      "length": "83 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 9.1 kDa",
      "origin": "Recombinant analogue of human IGF-1",
      "evidence_level": 1,
      "evidence_label": "Limited, preclinical or single-group",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "IGF-1 LR3 is an 83-amino-acid analogue of human insulin-like growth factor 1 engineered to bind IGF-binding proteins weakly. It is a standard supplement in biopharmaceutical cell culture and has no human therapeutic approval.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/igf-1-lr3",
      "related": [
        "cjc-1295",
        "ipamorelin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "afamelanotide",
      "name": "Afamelanotide",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Melanotan I",
        "NDP-MSH"
      ],
      "research_area": "melanocortin",
      "class": "Melanocortin receptor agonist",
      "targets": "MC1R (also other melanocortin receptors)",
      "length": "13 amino acids (linear)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 1.65 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic α-MSH analogue",
      "evidence_level": 5,
      "evidence_label": "Approved drug, phase 3 trials",
      "regulatory_status": "approved",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved prescription medicine (one rare indication)",
      "summary": "Afamelanotide is a 13-amino-acid analogue of α-MSH. It is an approved medicine for one rare condition and the clinical counterpart to melanotan II.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/afamelanotide",
      "related": [
        "melanotan-2",
        "pt-141"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "setmelanotide",
      "name": "Setmelanotide",
      "also_known_as": [
        "RM-493"
      ],
      "research_area": "melanocortin",
      "class": "MC4R agonist",
      "targets": "MC4R",
      "length": "8 amino acids (cyclic)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 1.12 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic",
      "evidence_level": 5,
      "evidence_label": "Approved drug, phase 3 trials",
      "regulatory_status": "approved",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved prescription medicine (rare genetic conditions)",
      "summary": "Setmelanotide is a cyclic eight-amino-acid peptide that selectively activates the melanocortin-4 receptor. It is an approved medicine for specific genetic conditions and a clear clinical example of MC4R pharmacology.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/setmelanotide",
      "related": [
        "pt-141",
        "melanotan-2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "dsip",
      "name": "DSIP",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Delta sleep-inducing peptide"
      ],
      "research_area": "neuro-longevity",
      "class": "Neuropeptide (receptor undefined)",
      "targets": "Not defined",
      "length": "9 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 849 Da",
      "origin": "Isolated from rabbit blood, produced synthetically",
      "evidence_level": 1,
      "evidence_label": "Limited, preclinical or single-group",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "DSIP is a nonapeptide isolated in the 1970s from rabbit blood during induced sleep. Its natural role, receptor and biosynthesis have never been firmly established, and the human literature is small and inconsistent.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/dsip",
      "related": [
        "epithalon",
        "selank"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "thymosin-alpha-1",
      "name": "Thymosin alpha-1",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Tα1",
        "Thymalfasin"
      ],
      "research_area": "immune",
      "class": "Thymic peptide (immunomodulator)",
      "targets": "Toll-like-receptor signalling, T-cell pathways",
      "length": "28 amino acids (N-acetylated)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 3.11 kDa",
      "origin": "Naturally occurring thymic peptide, produced synthetically",
      "evidence_level": 4,
      "evidence_label": "Late-stage human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "regional",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved in some countries, not by the FDA",
      "summary": "Thymosin alpha-1 is a 28-amino-acid, N-acetylated peptide first isolated from calf thymus. As the synthetic drug thymalfasin it is approved in a number of countries, though not by the FDA. It is not the same molecule as thymosin beta-4 (TB-500).",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/thymosin-alpha-1",
      "related": [
        "tb-500",
        "ll-37",
        "kpv"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "ll-37",
      "name": "LL-37",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Human cathelicidin",
        "hCAP-18 fragment"
      ],
      "research_area": "immune",
      "class": "Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide",
      "targets": "Bacterial membranes, FPR2 and other host receptors",
      "length": "37 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 4.49 kDa",
      "origin": "Human peptide, produced synthetically",
      "evidence_level": 3,
      "evidence_label": "Early human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "LL-37 is the only cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide found in humans. It is a 37-residue fragment of hCAP-18 studied for antimicrobial activity, immune signalling and wound models.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/ll-37",
      "related": [
        "kpv",
        "thymosin-alpha-1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "kpv",
      "name": "KPV",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Lys-Pro-Val",
        "α-MSH (11-13)"
      ],
      "research_area": "immune",
      "class": "α-MSH C-terminal fragment",
      "targets": "Intracellular inflammatory signalling (mechanism debated)",
      "length": "3 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 342 Da",
      "origin": "Fragment of human α-MSH, produced synthetically",
      "evidence_level": 1,
      "evidence_label": "Limited, preclinical or single-group",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "KPV is the three-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of α-MSH (lysine-proline-valine). It is studied in cell and rodent models of inflammation, and no completed human trials are known.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/kpv",
      "related": [
        "ll-37",
        "thymosin-alpha-1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "mots-c",
      "name": "MOTS-c",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c"
      ],
      "research_area": "mitochondrial",
      "class": "Mitochondrial-derived peptide",
      "targets": "AMPK signalling (mechanism proposed, not settled)",
      "length": "16 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 2.17 kDa",
      "origin": "Encoded in mitochondrial DNA, produced synthetically",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in the mitochondrial genome rather than the nuclear one. It was identified in 2015, and almost all of the functional data come from cells and mice.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/mots-c",
      "related": [
        "ss-31",
        "epithalon"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "ss-31",
      "name": "SS-31",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Elamipretide",
        "Bendavia",
        "MTP-131"
      ],
      "research_area": "mitochondrial",
      "class": "Mitochondria-targeted peptide",
      "targets": "Cardiolipin, inner mitochondrial membrane",
      "length": "4 amino acids (includes D-arginine and dimethyltyrosine)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 640 Da",
      "origin": "Synthetic",
      "evidence_level": 4,
      "evidence_label": "Late-stage human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "regional",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved in the US only (accelerated approval)",
      "summary": "SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide that concentrates in mitochondria and interacts with cardiolipin. It received FDA accelerated approval in September 2025 for one rare condition.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/ss-31",
      "related": [
        "mots-c",
        "epithalon"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "kisspeptin-10",
      "name": "Kisspeptin-10",
      "also_known_as": [
        "KP-10",
        "Metastin (45-54)"
      ],
      "research_area": "neuroendocrine",
      "class": "KISS1 receptor agonist",
      "targets": "KISS1R (GPR54)",
      "length": "10 amino acids (C-terminal amide)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 1.30 kDa",
      "origin": "Fragment of human kisspeptin, produced synthetically",
      "evidence_level": 3,
      "evidence_label": "Early human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "Kisspeptin-10 is the ten-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of kisspeptin, the peptide that switches on GnRH neurons through the KISS1 receptor. Human research on the kisspeptin system is active, but it mostly uses the longer kisspeptin-54.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/kisspeptin-10",
      "related": [
        "oxytocin",
        "pt-141"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "oxytocin",
      "name": "Oxytocin",
      "also_known_as": [],
      "research_area": "neuroendocrine",
      "class": "Oxytocin receptor agonist",
      "targets": "OXTR (also the vasopressin V1a receptor)",
      "length": "9 amino acids (cyclic, one disulfide bond)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 1.01 kDa",
      "origin": "Human hormone, produced synthetically",
      "evidence_level": 5,
      "evidence_label": "Approved drug, phase 3 trials",
      "regulatory_status": "approved",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved prescription medicine",
      "summary": "Oxytocin is a cyclic nonapeptide hormone made in the hypothalamus. It is an approved medicine for obstetric uses and one of the best-characterised peptides in pharmacology.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/oxytocin",
      "related": [
        "kisspeptin-10",
        "pt-141"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "exenatide",
      "name": "Exenatide",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Exendin-4 (synthetic)",
        "Byetta"
      ],
      "research_area": "metabolic",
      "class": "GLP-1 receptor agonist (exendin-4 analogue)",
      "targets": "GLP-1R",
      "length": "39 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 4.19 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic copy of exendin-4 from Heloderma suspectum (Gila monster)",
      "evidence_level": 5,
      "evidence_label": "Approved drug, phase 3 trials",
      "regulatory_status": "approved",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved prescription medicine",
      "summary": "Exenatide is a 39-amino-acid synthetic version of exendin-4, a peptide first isolated from Gila monster saliva. It was the first GLP-1 receptor agonist to reach the market and is the historical starting point for the whole incretin-mimetic class.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/exenatide",
      "related": [
        "liraglutide",
        "semaglutide",
        "cagrilintide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "pramlintide",
      "name": "Pramlintide",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Symlin",
        "Amylin analogue"
      ],
      "research_area": "metabolic",
      "class": "Amylin receptor agonist",
      "targets": "Amylin receptors (calcitonin receptor with RAMPs)",
      "length": "37 amino acids (C-terminal amide, one disulfide bond)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 3.95 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic, modified human amylin",
      "evidence_level": 5,
      "evidence_label": "Approved drug, phase 3 trials",
      "regulatory_status": "approved",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved prescription medicine",
      "summary": "Pramlintide is a 37-amino-acid analogue of human amylin, the hormone co-secreted with insulin. Three proline substitutions make it soluble and stable, unlike native human amylin, which aggregates.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/pramlintide",
      "related": [
        "cagrilintide",
        "semaglutide",
        "liraglutide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "sermorelin",
      "name": "Sermorelin",
      "also_known_as": [
        "GHRH (1-29)",
        "GRF 1-29",
        "Geref"
      ],
      "research_area": "growth-hormone",
      "class": "GHRH receptor agonist",
      "targets": "GHRH receptor",
      "length": "29 amino acids (C-terminal amide)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 3.36 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic fragment of human GHRH",
      "evidence_level": 3,
      "evidence_label": "Early human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Formerly approved (discontinued)",
      "summary": "Sermorelin is a 29-amino-acid fragment of human growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). It is the shortest piece of the native 44-residue hormone that keeps full receptor activity, and it was once an approved diagnostic and paediatric medicine.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/sermorelin",
      "related": [
        "cjc-1295",
        "tesamorelin",
        "ipamorelin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "hexarelin",
      "name": "Hexarelin",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Examorelin",
        "HEX"
      ],
      "research_area": "growth-hormone",
      "class": "Ghrelin-receptor (GHS-R) agonist",
      "targets": "GHS-R1a",
      "length": "6 amino acids (C-terminal amide, contains D-residues)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 887 Da",
      "origin": "Synthetic",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide that activates the ghrelin (GHS) receptor. It is among the most potent members of the GH secretagogue family in published studies, and is notable for how quickly the receptor response fades with repeated exposure.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/hexarelin",
      "related": [
        "ghrp-6",
        "ipamorelin",
        "cjc-1295"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "aod-9604",
      "name": "AOD-9604",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Tyr-hGH fragment 177-191",
        "Anti-Obesity Drug 9604"
      ],
      "research_area": "metabolic",
      "class": "Growth hormone fragment",
      "targets": "Not fully defined (proposed β3-adrenergic-linked lipolysis in rodents)",
      "length": "16 amino acids (modified fragment, with N-terminal tyrosine)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 1.82 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic, derived from human growth hormone",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "AOD-9604 is a 16-amino-acid peptide based on the C-terminal region of human growth hormone, with an added N-terminal tyrosine. It was designed to isolate the fat-metabolism effects seen in animal work from growth hormone's wider actions, but human obesity trials did not show a meaningful benefit over placebo.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/aod-9604",
      "related": [
        "tesamorelin",
        "cjc-1295",
        "semaglutide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "survodutide",
      "name": "Survodutide",
      "also_known_as": [
        "BI 456906"
      ],
      "research_area": "metabolic",
      "class": "Dual GLP-1 / glucagon receptor agonist",
      "targets": "GLP-1R, GCGR",
      "length": "≈ 29 amino acids (acylated, one non-coded residue)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 4.23 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic, glucagon-based sequence",
      "evidence_level": 4,
      "evidence_label": "Late-stage human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "investigational",
      "regulatory_label": "Investigational",
      "summary": "Survodutide is a fatty-acid-modified peptide that activates both the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. It is investigational, with a phase 3 programme in obesity and liver disease.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/survodutide",
      "related": [
        "retatrutide",
        "mazdutide",
        "semaglutide",
        "tirzepatide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "mazdutide",
      "name": "Mazdutide",
      "also_known_as": [
        "IBI362",
        "LY3305677"
      ],
      "research_area": "metabolic",
      "class": "Dual GLP-1 / glucagon receptor agonist (oxyntomodulin analogue)",
      "targets": "GLP-1R, GCGR",
      "length": "Modified oxyntomodulin-based peptide (fatty-acid conjugated)",
      "molecular_mass": "Not fully published (large acylated peptide, several kDa)",
      "origin": "Synthetic, oxyntomodulin-based sequence",
      "evidence_level": 4,
      "evidence_label": "Late-stage human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "regional",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved in China",
      "summary": "Mazdutide is an oxyntomodulin-based peptide that activates the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. It has been approved for obesity in China but not by the MHRA, EMA or FDA.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/mazdutide",
      "related": [
        "survodutide",
        "retatrutide",
        "tirzepatide",
        "semaglutide"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "ghrp-2",
      "name": "GHRP-2",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Pralmorelin",
        "KP-102"
      ],
      "research_area": "growth-hormone",
      "class": "Growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP)",
      "targets": "GHS-R1a (ghrelin receptor)",
      "length": "6 amino acids (contains D-residues)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 0.82 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic",
      "evidence_level": 3,
      "evidence_label": "Early human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "regional",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved in Japan as a diagnostic only",
      "summary": "GHRP-2 is a six-residue peptide that activates the ghrelin (GHS-R1a) receptor. It is approved in Japan solely as a diagnostic agent and is prohibited in sport.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/ghrp-2",
      "related": [
        "ghrp-6",
        "hexarelin",
        "ipamorelin",
        "sermorelin",
        "cjc-1295"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "gonadorelin",
      "name": "Gonadorelin",
      "also_known_as": [
        "GnRH",
        "LHRH"
      ],
      "research_area": "neuroendocrine",
      "class": "GnRH receptor agonist (native sequence)",
      "targets": "GnRH receptor",
      "length": "10 amino acids (pyroglutamyl N-terminus, amidated C-terminus)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 1.18 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic copy of the human hormone",
      "evidence_level": 3,
      "evidence_label": "Early human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "regional",
      "regulatory_label": "Diagnostic use in some regions",
      "summary": "Gonadorelin is the synthetic form of the decapeptide hormone GnRH, which signals the pituitary to release LH and FSH. It has a history as a diagnostic agent.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/gonadorelin",
      "related": [
        "kisspeptin-10",
        "oxytocin",
        "sermorelin",
        "tesamorelin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "teriparatide",
      "name": "Teriparatide",
      "also_known_as": [
        "PTH 1-34"
      ],
      "research_area": "repair",
      "class": "PTH1 receptor agonist (PTH fragment)",
      "targets": "PTH1R",
      "length": "34 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 4.12 kDa",
      "origin": "Recombinant or synthetic copy of human PTH(1-34)",
      "evidence_level": 5,
      "evidence_label": "Approved drug, phase 3 trials",
      "regulatory_status": "approved",
      "regulatory_label": "Approved prescription medicine",
      "summary": "Teriparatide is the first 34 amino acids of human parathyroid hormone (PTH). It is an approved prescription medicine and a long-standing tool in bone-biology research.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/teriparatide",
      "related": [
        "tb-500",
        "bpc-157",
        "ghk-cu"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "humanin",
      "name": "Humanin",
      "also_known_as": [
        "HN"
      ],
      "research_area": "mitochondrial",
      "class": "Mitochondrial-derived peptide",
      "targets": "Intracellular and cell-surface binding partners (BAX, IGFBP-3, receptor complexes)",
      "length": "24 amino acids (21 in the mitochondrial form)",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 2.69 kDa",
      "origin": "Encoded in the mitochondrial genome (MT-RNR2); research material is synthetic",
      "evidence_level": 2,
      "evidence_label": "Mostly animal and in vitro",
      "regulatory_status": "unapproved",
      "regulatory_label": "Not approved",
      "summary": "Humanin is a 24-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. It was the first mitochondrial-derived peptide described, and the evidence is preclinical.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/humanin",
      "related": [
        "mots-c",
        "ss-31",
        "epithalon"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "ara-290",
      "name": "ARA 290",
      "also_known_as": [
        "Cibinetide"
      ],
      "research_area": "neuro-longevity",
      "class": "Innate repair receptor ligand (EPO-derived peptide)",
      "targets": "Innate repair receptor (EPOR / CD131 complex)",
      "length": "11 amino acids",
      "molecular_mass": "≈ 1.26 kDa",
      "origin": "Synthetic, derived from erythropoietin",
      "evidence_level": 3,
      "evidence_label": "Early human trials",
      "regulatory_status": "investigational",
      "regulatory_label": "Investigational",
      "summary": "ARA 290 is an 11-amino-acid peptide designed from the structure of erythropoietin. It targets the innate repair receptor without the erythropoietic activity of the full hormone.",
      "url": "https://www.peptide.wiki/peptides/ara-290",
      "related": [
        "bpc-157",
        "tb-500",
        "semax",
        "ss-31"
      ]
    }
  ]
}